地质力学的基本特征、成就和问题     

刘学清 《地质力学学报》2014,20(4):331-338

论述了地质力学这一我国独立建立的地质学科形成的背景、基本特征、主要成就和存在问题, 指出:地质力学是在地质学三大论战, 特别是大陆漂移学说影响下, 独辟蹊径提出的; 地质力学有4个基本特征, 即3个立论依据, 9个基本概念, 7个研究步骤, 4个基本观点(本质的、联系的、发展的和实践的)。全面论述了地质力学10个理论方面、5个技术方法和5个生产实践方面的突出成就。地质力学存在的突出问题:本质上被裹挟于"固定论"泥潭中, 在认识新发现和接纳新观念上裹足不前; 古构造时期鉴别上存在重大误区, 过分强调了造山带的"长期继承活动"; 深部地质和全球海洋地质研究十分薄弱等。因此, 解放思想、与时俱进和走向全球是它当前3个紧迫任务。   相似文献   

不同固结压力下强结构性黏土孔隙分布试验研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张先伟  孔令伟  郭爱国  拓勇飞 《岩土力学》2014,35(10):2794-2800

为探讨结构性土变形的微观机制,以湛江地区结构性黏土为研究对象,对原状土和压缩试验后土样进行压汞试验,分析不同固结压力下土的孔隙分布、孔径大小以及孔隙结构特征参数的变化规律,辅以SEM图像进行孔隙形态的定性分析,并从分形理论角度对此解释与验证。结果表明,湛江黏土各孔隙组对外力的敏感度与孔隙体积含量正相关。由于压汞过程存在瓶颈效应以及边-面-角的空间接触形式,其结果可能会夸大真实小孔隙的分布密度而低估大孔隙的分布密度。结构性对压缩过程中孔隙分布影响较大,当固结压力增大至结构屈服压力后,孔径为0.01～0.50 μm的孔隙组变化明显,孔隙的连通性变差,孔径分布向小孔径范围移动,孤立式孔隙增多,大、中孔隙的界限变得不明显。湛江黏土孔隙具有多重分形特征,据此确定微裂隙、粒间孔隙和孤立孔隙孔径的分界点为0.01 μm与0.50 μm,同时给出了湛江黏土的孔径界定标准。  相似文献   

珠江口盆地恩平凹陷断层特征及其对新近系油气成藏的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

许新明  陈胜红  王福国  胡坤  于水明  王绪诚  高中亮  刘贤来 《现代地质》2014,28(3):543-550

断层是油气纵向输导的主要通道,其发育特征与断圈的油气成藏有着密切的联系。通过分析恩平凹陷断层特征,将该区断层划分为2个断层系统4类不同活动期次的断层,并系统研究了断层的构造样式、活动性和封闭性对本区新近系油气成藏的影响。结果表明：恩平凹陷新近系发育7种构造样式,控制着新近系各二级构造带圈闭发育类型,翘倾半背斜和背斜是该区最有利的成藏类型;长期型断层和晚期型断层是本区主要的控运断层,在油气运聚与成藏中断层具有通道和封堵的双重作用,其封堵性制约了油气烃柱高度,而活动性主导了新近系油气富集程度,且断层生长指数为1.09是该区控运期断层纵向输导成藏的临界值,随着控运断层活动性增大,断层纵向输导能力增强,新近系圈闭成藏的概率越高。  相似文献   

南堡凹陷2号构造带天然气成因分析     

陈湘飞  李素梅  王政军  徐满  孟祥兵 《现代地质》2014,28(6):1297-1306

南堡凹陷2号构造带天然气成因研究薄弱,采用地质地球化学途径对深、浅层天然气特征及其形成机制进行了研究。分析表明,该构造带天然气以烃类气体为主,非烃组分以CO₂、N₂和H₂S为主,且主要集中在深部潜山天然气中;天然气的干燥系数(C₁/C_1-5)为0.68~0.94,具有典型的湿气特征,其中南堡280断块天然气相对偏干;天然气碳同位素整体上具有正碳同位素系列趋势,少量样品出现碳同位素部分倒转。依据母质类型和成熟度的分析,将该构造带天然气划分为3种类型：成熟阶段早期形成的混合气(东一段、馆陶组)、成熟阶段晚期形成的混合气(老堡南1断块)、高成熟阶段形成的煤型热解气(南堡280断块)。综合分析认为,第三系浅层东一段和馆陶组天然气来自于东三+沙一段烃源岩,潜山天然气主要来源于沙三段偏腐殖型烃源岩,沿断层和不整合运移到储集层中。这个研究对南堡油田深浅层天然气勘探具有重要参考价值。  相似文献   

吉林通化复兴村金矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因机制探析     

王海龙  吴明刚  门业凯 《地质与资源》2014,23(1):51-56

通过对复兴村金矿床的地质和地球化学特征分析研究,发现元古宇老岭群大栗子组和珍珠门组是重要的含金矿源层,也是主要的容矿围岩.区内的NNE、NW向断裂破碎带是重要的的控矿构造.断裂破碎带内分布的硅化、黄铁矿化、毒砂化是金矿重要的找矿标志,并存在后期氧化富集带.燕山期花岗岩作用区,特别是闪长岩脉与矿体相伴处是是富金矿（化）体.相关的成因机制分析表明,复兴村金矿床在成因类型上为与燕山期构造岩浆活动有关的多因复成的中低温热液金矿床.  相似文献   

Damping systems that are effective over a wide range of displacement amplitudes using metallic yielding component and viscoelastic damper in series          下载免费PDF全文

Masashi Yamamoto  Takayuki Sone 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(14):2097-2114

A damper system that absorbs energy over a wide range of displacement amplitudes during building vibration was proposed. This system uses a serial connection of a metallic yielding component and viscoelastic damper with a displacement limit mechanism. Three types of the system were developed and tested: a diagonal bracing type, inverted V bracing type, and wall type. The test results showed that all these systems have damping ratios higher than 8% at small vibration amplitudes on the order of 0.1 mm. For a large vibration, a displacement limit mechanism with two pins limited the displacement of the viscoelastic damper as designed. Analytical simulations established that the system reduced the acceleration and the story drift to 60–70% and 80%, respectively, during a small earthquake compared with a conventional metallic yielding damper system. Furthermore, it showed an equivalent control performance during a severe earthquake. The damper system requires that a clearance be maintained for the displacement limit mechanism. However, this may be lost through construction error, residual displacement after an earthquake, and temperature effects. The changes in the clearance due to these effects were discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nonlinear seismic analysis of reinforced concrete frames using the force analogy method          下载免费PDF全文

Gang Li  Yu Zhang  Hong‐Nan Li 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(14):2115-2134

A method of nonlinear seismic analysis for RC framed structures considering full‐range factors, including stiffness and strength degradation, geometric nonlinearity, and structural member failure, is established based on the fundamental concept of the force analogy method. The strong material nonlinearity, large geometric deformation, and internal forces redistribution due to the member failure can be depicted by the proposed local plastic mechanisms, the rotation hinges at the member ends and the slide hinges assigned to the columns, of which the measurement relationships are moment versus plastic rotation and shear force versus shear plastic deformation, respectively. They are capable of evaluating the exact response of RC structures. Because only unchanging initial stiffness matrices are used through the whole computation process, the state‐space formulation was used for solving the equations of motion. The advantages of the force analogy method, such as high efficiency and stability, are still retained. The exactness of the proposed local plastic mechanisms is verified against a group of tests data, and the application of the proposed procedure is performed to an RC framed structure to simulate the full‐range nonlinear response by increasing the excitation step by step until failure of partial structural members appear. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Nonparametric estimation of wave dispersion in high‐rise buildings by seismic interferometry          下载免费PDF全文

Mahdi Ebrahimian  Mohammadtaghi Rahmani  Maria I. Todorovska 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(15):2361-2375

Interferometric identification and health monitoring of high‐rise buildings has been gaining increasing interest in recent years. The wave dispersion in the structure has been largely ignored in these efforts but needs to be considered to further develop these methods. In this paper, (i) the goodness of estimation of vertical wave velocity in buildings, as function of frequency, by two nonparametric interferometric techniques is examined, using realistic fixed‐base Timoshenko beam benchmark models. Such models are convenient because the variation of phase and group velocities with frequency can be derived theoretically. The models are those of the NS and EW responses of Millikan Library. One of the techniques, deconvolution interferometry, estimates the phase velocity on a frequency band from phase difference between motions at two locations in the structure, while the other one estimates it approximately at the resonant frequencies based on standing wave patterns. The paper also (ii) examines the modeling error in wave velocity profiles identified by fitting layered shear beam in broader band impulse response functions of buildings with significant bending flexibility. This error may affect inferences on the spatial distribution of damage from detected changes in such velocity profiles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Strong motion displacement waveforms using 10‐Hz precise point positioning GPS: an assessment based on free oscillation experiments          下载免费PDF全文

Fanis Moschas  Antonio Avallone  Vasso Saltogianni  Stathis C. Stiros 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(12):1853-1866

The recently developed precise point positioning (PPP) technique permits to compute instantaneous coordinates of a GPS station relatively to distant reference stations and waveforms of ground displacements during strong motions at the 1 Hz level. This is another application of GPS, different from the computation of static coseismic movements or of accurate monitoring of dynamic displacements of structures using a static receiver and a nearby moving receiver (DGPS). Recently, earthquake ground displacement waveforms using 10‐Hz GPS data have also been calculated, but no independent evidence to assess their quality exists. To overcome this problem, we evaluated the output of 10‐Hz PPP results on the basis of supervised learning experiments. Semistatic and dynamic displacements (damped harmonic oscillations) of known characteristics of the order of a few centimeter were produced and were recorded by GPS, an accelerometer, and a robotic total station. Time series of instantaneous displacements were analyzed using different PPP techniques and were compared with reference (true) values derived from DGPS and the other sensors. Our analysis revealed that the PPP‐derived coordinates are contaminated by long‐period noise but they can display the details of semistatic displacements, while their short‐period component describes well the pattern of waveforms and spectra (at least up to 4 Hz) of dynamic displacements, with up to 20 mm accuracy for isolated points. These results indicate that 10‐Hz PPP‐GPS is useful for earthquake engineering and can safely be used to reconstruct waveforms of deflections of the ground and of various points on structures during strong motions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seismic response of 20‐story base‐isolated and fixed‐base reinforced concrete structural wall buildings at a near‐fault site          下载免费PDF全文

Vladimir Calugaru  Marios Panagiotou 《地震工程与结构动力学》2014,43(6):927-948

This paper investigates numerically the seismic response of six seismically base‐isolated (BI) 20‐story reinforced concrete buildings and compares their response to that of a fixed‐base (FB) building with a similar structural system above ground. Located in Berkeley, California, 2 km from the Hayward fault, the buildings are designed with a core wall that provides most of the lateral force resistance above ground. For the BI buildings, the following are investigated: two isolation systems (both implemented below a three‐story basement), isolation periods equal to 4, 5, and 6 s, and two levels of flexural strength of the wall. The first isolation system combines tension‐resistant friction pendulum bearings and nonlinear fluid viscous dampers (NFVDs); the second combines low‐friction tension‐resistant crosslinear bearings, lead‐rubber bearings, and NFVDs. The designs of all buildings satisfy ASCE 7‐10 requirements, except that one component of horizontal excitation, is used in the 2D nonlinear response history analysis. Analysis is performed for a set of ground motions scaled to the design earthquake and to the maximum considered earthquake (MCE). At both the design earthquake and the MCE, the FB building develops large inelastic deformations and shear forces in the wall and large floor accelerations. At the MCE, four of the BI buildings experience nominally elastic response of the wall, with floor accelerations and shear forces being 0.25 to 0.55 times those experienced by the FB building. The response of the FB and four of the BI buildings to four unscaled historical pulse‐like near‐fault ground motions is also studied. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献